Resistance Training: Using weights, resistance bands, and body weight exercises to build muscle strength.

Functional Strengthening: Strengthening muscles through activities of daily living and functional tasks.

Passive ROM: Therapist-assisted movements to maintain joint flexibility.

Active ROM: Patient-performed exercises to improve joint mobility.

Stretching: Static and dynamic stretching exercises to improve flexibility and prevent contractures.

Static and Dynamic Balance: Exercises to improve balance while standing or sitting still and during movement.

Proprioception Training: Activities to enhance body awareness and coordination.

Vestibular Rehabilitation: Techniques to address dizziness and improve balance.

Gait re-education: working on isolated components of walking to develop improved gait pattern

Overground Walking: Practicing walking on various surfaces and environments both indoors and outdoors .

Assistive Devices: Training with walking aids, or orthotic devices to improve walking safety and efficiency.

Bobath Approach: Facilitation of normal movement patterns and inhibition of abnormal postures and reflexes.

Motor Control Exercises: Activities to enhance motor learning and control.

Functional Activities: Practicing specific tasks such as reaching, grasping, and lifting to improve everyday function.

Stretching and Positioning: Techniques to reduce muscle tightness and improve joint alignment.

Signposting: recommendations to other services for complex spasticity management such as Baclofen, Botulinum Toxin and Intrathecal Baclofen pumps.

Cardiovascular Exercise: Support with activities such as walking, cycling and  swimming to improve cardiovascular fitness. Supporting access to gyms and swimming pools.

Endurance Training: Gradually increasing activity duration and intensity to build stamina.

Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES): Using electrical currents to stimulate muscle contractions and improve function.

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS): Applying electrical currents to reduce pain and improve muscle activation.

Forced Use: Restricting the unaffected limb to encourage use of the affected limb.

Intensive Practice: Repetitive practice of tasks to improve motor function in the affected limb.

Visual Feedback: Using a mirror to create the illusion of movement in a paralysed limb, promoting motor recovery.

Pain Management: Reducing pain in conditions such as phantom limb pain.

Alignment Exercises: Techniques to improve posture and reduce abnormal movement patterns.

Core Stability: Strengthening core muscles to support better posture and movement control.

Manual Techniques: Massage and other hands-on techniques to reduce pain.

Pain Education: Teaching strategies to manage and reduce pain effectively.